Journal of Medical Sciences and Health

Introduction

Around 100 million Indians smoke tobacco as per the latest Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) 1. Globally, there has been an increase in tobacco users and its consequences. Realizing this, the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) was framed in 2003 with the objective of protecting mankind from the deadly consequences of tobacco consumption and smoke exposure. 2 Government of India signed the WHO FCTC convention and implemented the Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA) and subsequently the National Tobacco Control Programme in 2007. 3 The COTPA was intended to protect and improve public health, encompasses a wide array of evidence based strategies to reduce tobacco consumption. An important component of the law deals with rules and regulation of textual and pictorial health warning on tobacco products. It is essential to explore the impact of such law in motivating smokers to quit smoking, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic as a meta-analysis reported that smokers had more severe outcomes than non-smokers. 4

Several studies have been done in India to assess the effect of pictorial warning on quitting smoking. Few studies 5, 6, 7 concluded that pictorial warning is ineffective while others8, 9, 10, 11 found it motivating. In view of this contradictory evidence and absence of similar studies in our setting, there arise needs to understand the impact of pictorial warning among this population. Moreover, a systematic review on perceived effectiveness of pictorial health warnings on changes in smoking behaviour in Asia from 2010 - 18 suggested the need for studies on pictorial health warnings in relevance to changing or refreshing of pictorial health warning on cigarette packages after a period of time. 12 Under COTPA, Government of India is rotating the pictorial health warning every 12 months with the latest notification given in July 2022 that will come to force from 1^stDecember 2022. 13 The study aims to assess the effectiveness of warning messages and graphics on tobacco products in promoting smokers to quit smoking. We also aimed to assess the factors that influence smoking behaviour of the individuals and their willingness to quit smoking. Results of this study would provide necessary information needed in reframing policy for tobacco control. In addition, it also helps us to identify individuals needing support to quit tobacco and refer them to the de-addiction unit under the psychiatric department of the parent institution.

Methodology

A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Rural Training Health Centre (RHTC) attached to the Department of Community Medicine of a teaching hospital in Trichy, Tamil Nadu. Considering 43% of smokers willing to quit smoking based on pictorial warning from a previous study 14 and 8% precision, using the formula 4pq/d² sample size was calculated to be 153. Assuming 20% non-response rate the sample size was 183. All current smokers aged more than 18 years visiting the RHTC OPD either as patient or accompanying them, during the period (October to December 2023) were included in the study. Those not giving consent were excluded. Consecutive sampling was done till the desired sample size was obtained. The study was conducted only after institutional ethics clearance certificate was obtained. (Ref. No. 1401/TSRMCH&RC/ME-1/IEC No.185)

Questionnaire was prepared form review of literature to collect information. The data collection tool comprised of three sections. The first section had details pertaining to the sociodemographic information of the study participants. The second section focused on the smoking habits, factors influencing them to smoke, and amount spent on smoking. The third section had questions to assess their awareness on pictorial warning and its impact towards smoking cessation.

Statistical Analysis: Data entry was done in MS excel and analysis in SPSS version 21 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Quantitative data was expressed in mean and standard deviation while qualitative data in frequency and percentage. Pictorial warning motivating smokers to quit smoking was expressed in proportion with 95% confidence interval.

Results

The mean age of study participants was 45.25 ± 15.7 years with a range of 20 to 78 years. Most of them had completed secondary schooling and above (87.7%), belonging to a socioeconomic class of 3 and above (81.5%) and either self-employed (37.0%) or daily wage worker (32.6%) (Table 1).

The most common factors motivating to smoke were self-interest or pleasure (81.5%), job stress (65.7%), family stress (50.6%) and peer pressure (48.3%) (Table 3).

It was documented that 132 (71.4%) smokers had seen the pictorial warning on tobacco products of which 81 individuals were motivated to quit smoking. Hence, only 45.5% (95% Confidence interval: 38.04-53.12) found the pictorial warning motivating them to quit smoking. The other source of information on anti-smoking was obtained from television (53.6%) and movie theater (27.1%). Only 6.2% smokers had the intention to quit smoking in the next 1 month with 28.1% undecided and 24.7% not willing to quit at all (Table 4).

Discussion

The first country to include health warning on the cigarette packs was United States of America (USA) in the 1960s to educate the consumers on the health risks of tobacco usage. The government of India in 1975, passed similar legislation to restrict trade, production, supply, and distribution of tobacco products. Initially the warning contained only text messages such as “cigarette smoking is injurious to health” on all tobacco related advertisements. 15 This was unsuccessful in discouraging tobacco usage, since the warnings were made mandatory only on cigarette packs excluding bidi, cigar, cheroot, gutka and other chewable tobacco. Other factors contributing to ineffectiveness was the difference in tobacco usage across India along with huge illiteracy rate. 16 But over the years, things have changed, and people have become aware of the harmful effects of tobacco. Despite this increase in awareness, the consumption of tobacco continues to be an epidemic requiring the expansion of tobacco regulation to decrease the overall heath burden associated with its consumption. 17 The present study aimed to assess the impact of pictorial warnings on the cigarette packs and its impact on motivating smokers to quit smoking among current smokers visiting a rural centre in Sangenthi, Trichy for any reason during the study period. Our study found that only 74.1% of smokers had seen the pictorial warning on the cigarette packs. In previous studies by Dahiya et. al. 6 from Himachal Pradesh, Oswal et.al. 7 from Mumbai and Shah et. al. 11 from Gujarat reported a lesser proportion of smokers ranging between 59 - 72% having noticed the health warnings on tobacco products. One possible reason for this low awareness could be due to the fact that some smokers buy individual cigarette than a pack and hence miss noticing the warning signs.

Among those who noticed the pictorial warning, 61.4% were motivated to quit smoking but among these only 6.2% smokers had the intention to quit smoking in the next one month. Rajeswary et.al. 14 also reported that pictorial warning did not play a vital role in motivating smokers to quit smoking. Havale et. al. 18 in their study found 42.1% smokers reduced the consumption due to the warning on packs. Other studies 10, 19 done among the general population documented that 70 to 80% believed pictorial warning are effective in either decreasing the quantity or encouraging to quit smoking. Vanishree et. al. 9 found only 8.4% smokers have decreased the frequency and 3.8% tried to quit it. Overall, there is a gross disparity of findings across various studies. A systematic review 12 stated that pictorial warnings are effective in deterring non-smoker to initiate smoking habit and stimulate smokers to decrease its consumption but not conclusive to quit smoking.

Around 80.9% had started to smoke at an age less than 25 years with a mean age of 22.23 ± 5.04 years. Havale et. al. 18 also reported the mean age of 24.8 years with majority ranging between 20-30 years. This reflects the time period post education, starting their jobs and marriage life. There is a need to focus research on this aspect, to understand the trigger factors for smoking initiations. Factors motivating to smoke in the present study were self-interest or pleasure (81.5%), job stress (65.7%), family stress (50.6%) and peer pressure (48.3%). In Havale et. al. 18 study, peer pressure, curiosity and family problems were considered to be the major influencers to start smoking. While Chopra et.al. 10 attributed stress and peer pressure to be the main reason for smoking.

The average amount spent towards smoking products in the present study was around 700 Rs per week which turns out to be 2,800 to 3000 Rs per month. In a previous study done in Karnataka, 18 about 80% spent less than 1500 Rs per month on smoking. Hence, the amount spent on tobacco among our study participants was high. This could be used as an educational tool to persuade smokers on quitting smoking. Sindelar et. al. 20 in their study compared the effect of financial versus health motivation to quit smoking in a low-income setting of Connecticut, USA, they found financial messages regarding the amount of money saved on smoking cessation to be more attractive than health benefits among the study participants. Similar studies need to be conducted in our setting to assess its impact.

Conclusion

Pictorial warnings were noticed by three-fourth of the smokers which could motivate less than half of the smokers but not to the extent of quitting smoking in near future. The study findings had shown that significant proportion of the smokers purchased cigarettes in singles rather than whole pack which reduced their probability of viewing the pictorial representation of harmful effects. Hence, we suggest imprinting warnings in individual cigarettes. Other measures such as group motivation sessions involving peer smokers and engaging family members in motivation and monitoring of quitting process could be considered, the effectiveness of which has to be evaluated with further studies.

Disclosure